IBS is pretty accurately described in the medical literature we have dating back to the Ancient Greek texts that survive. There is one description that was in the 1800's that could pass as the current Rome criteria.It is not new. The name IBS was coined fairly recently (like around 1970) but that doesn't mean that the disease never existed prior to that date. It used to be called spastic colitis (and some other things), but that isn't very accurate as there isn't any overt inflammation (like redness and ulcerations that you see in other colitises, coliti?) and it isn't clear that there is some abnormal spasm rather than just disregulated contractions that are still normal, just wrong time, wrong place, wrong duration or wrong pattern.If you check any traditional list of herbs people have been looking for medication to cure constipation and diarrhea in every culture for all of recorded human history.Now it is true that the modern highly processed food like diet is quite different than the whole food, whole grain, nothing is processed diets of 50 or 150 years ago. We do eat more fat, more sugar, more salt, more chemicals no human GI tract ever saw before and less fiber that pretty much any traditional diet of any culture anywhere. Some diets might have had more of one thing, but none were quite like what we eat now.So a huge difference in diet in a short period of time would likely cause some issues with the GI tract even though, in general, the human GI tract is pretty darn adaptable to just about anything, which is why we can live all over the globe on very different diets that you find in historical cultures).That being said, with adaptability comes a huge nervous system that controls, adjusts the timing of, senses the gut. If you are going to be able to eat all kinds of different things there needs to be a way to adjust everything so it is different every single meal as every different meal needs different timing, different stuff released to digest it, and will have different amounts of water to be added to/pulled out of.To get a perfect BM every time the timing has to be right to ensure you get the right amount of water pulled out so it is just right, not too hard, not too soft. And you need all the regulation of the pelvic floor to be right so you relax the right things at the right time, but only when the rectum is the right fullness, etc.It isn't a simple conveyor belt in there. It is a pretty complex system with lots of things that can go wrong.IBS has some physical changes you can detect. But it is all in the nerves and parts of the immune system that are involved in the sense, control, and regulate part of the system. This isn't the easiest part of the system to check and only now are we getting medical tests that look specifically at the control system rather than looking at the lining and saying everything is OK.Kinda like a modern car with a computer. Doesn't matter if the fuel is delivered properly to the engine and the exhaust system is working to get the stuff out, if the computer dies, the engine is dead. Up until that test all medical tests for IBS tend to be like checking the fuel filter and making sure the muffler isn't clogged and never checking the computer chip and telling people everything looks OK, I don't know why the car won't go.So that gives an impression that "no one knows why" when really a lot of researchers know what bits are broken and are working to get treatments that work on those bits and like I said we finally are starting to get some tests that will check for things that are actually wrong rather than looking at anything else and seeing it is OK.We do know that acute GI illnesses (which cause some overt inflammation) or long term ones that include overt inflammation can damage nerves in the gut wall. IBS after a GI infection is very common, and you do see some IBS in people with IBDs (where they have IBS symptoms when the IBD is in remission based on every measure, like all the ulcers are gone and the inflammation markers in the blood are normal).So to sum it up. IBS is a problem in the Enteric Nervous System (gut nerves and it is complex enough some people call the ENS the second brain) and parts of the immune system used to sense and control the gut. That is the main theory. There are some other parts (like what your colon bacteria are and did the escape to the small intestine, but that is kind of chicken and egg, can the bacteria do that when the intestines are regulated properly, or can something bonk the bacteria off bad enough they then start messing with the control systems in the person).I do think that there is a "people just never talked about in public before" that changed in the last few decades. People are more willing to be honest to their doctors and other people that something isn't quite right. A lot of people still won't tell the doctor they are having problems, nor will they tell anyone else.